CHAPTER 7: FTP

7.1 TONS OF FILES

hundreds of systems connected to Internet have file libraries, or
archives, accessible to the public. Much of this consists of free or low-
cost shareware programs for virtually every make of computer. If you
want a different communications program for your IBM, or feel like
playing a new game on your Amiga, you'll be able to get it from the Net.

But there are also libraries of documents as well. If you want a copy of
a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision, you can find it on the Net. Copies
of historical documents, from the Magna Carta to the Declaration of
Independence are also yours for the asking, along with a translation of a
telegram from Lenin ordering the execution of rebellious peasants. You
can also find song lyrics, poems, even summaries of every "Lost in Space"
episode ever made. You can also find extensive files detailing
everything you could ever possibly want to know about the Net itself.
First you'll see how to get these files; then we'll show you where
they're kept.

Increasingly, you can get these files via gopher or the World-Wide
Web (see Chapter 8 for gopher; Chapter 9 for the Web). But it's still
good to know how to use the original way of getting files across the Net:
file-transfer protocol, or FTP, because there is still a large
number of files stil stored on FTP sites.

Starting ftp is as easy as using telnet. At your host system's command
line, type

ftp site.name

and hit enter, where "site.name" is the address of the ftp site you want
to reach. One major difference between telnet and ftp is that it is
considered bad form to connect to most ftp sites during their business
hours (generally 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. local time). This is because
transferring files across the network takes up considerable computing
power, which during the day is likely to be needed for whatever the
computer's main function is. There are some ftp sites that are
accessible to the public 24 hours a day, though. You'll find these noted
in the list of ftp sites in section 7.6.

7.2 YOUR FRIEND ARCHIE

How do you find a file you want, though?

Until a few years ago, this could be quite the pain -- there was no
master directory to tell you where a given file might be stored on the
Net. Who'd want to slog through hundreds of file libraries looking for
something?

Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and Peter Deutsch, students at McGill University
in Montreal, asked the same question. Unlike the weather, though, they
did something about it.

They created a database system, called archie, that would periodically
call up file libraries and basically find out what they had available.
In turn, anybody could dial into archie, type in a file name, and see
where on the Net it was available. Archie currently catalogs some 1,000
file libraries around the world.

Today, there are three ways to ask archie to find a file for you: through
telnet, "client" Archie program on your own host system or e-mail. All
three methods let you type in a full or partial file name and will tell
you where on the Net it's stored.

If you have access to telnet, you can telnet to one of the following
addresses: archie.mcgill.ca; archie.sura.net; archie.unl.edu;
archie.ans.net; or archie.rutgers.edu. If asked for a log-in name, type

archie

and hit enter.

When you connect, the key command is prog, which you use in this form:

prog filename

Followed by enter, where "filename" is the program or file you're looking
for. If you're unsure of a file's complete name, try typing in part of
the name. For example, "PKZIP" will work as well as "PKZIP204.EXE." The
system does not support DOS or Unix wildcards. If you ask archie to look
for "PKZIP*," it will tell you it couldn't find anything by that name.
One thing to keep in mind is that a file is not necessarily the same as a
program -- it could also be a document. This means you can use archie to
search for, say, everything online related to the Beetles, as well as
computer programs and graphics files.

A number of Net sites now have their own archie programs that take your
request for information and pass it onto the nearest archie database --
ask your system administrator if she has it online. These "client"
programs seem to provide information a lot more quickly than the actual
archie itself! If it is available, at your host system's command line,
type

archie -s filename

where filename is the program or document you're looking for, and hit
enter. The -s tells the program to ignore case in a file name and lets
you search for partial matches. You might actually want to type it this
way:

archie -s filename|more

which will stop the output every screen (handy if there are many sites
that carry the file you want). Or you could open a file on your computer
with your text-logging function.

The third way, for people without access to either of the above, is e-
mail. Send a message to archie@quiche.cs.mcgill.ca. You can leave the
subject line blank. Inside the message, type

prog filename

where filename is the file you're looking for. You can ask archie to
look up several programs by putting their names on the same "prog" line,
like this:

prog file1 file2 file3

Within a few hours, archie will write back with a list of the appropriate
sites.

In all three cases, if there is a system that has your file, you'll get a
response that looks something like this:

Host sumex-aim.stanford.edu

Location: /info-mac/comm
FILE -rw-r--r-- 258256 Feb 15 17:07 zterm-09.hqx
Location: /info-mac/misc
FILE -rw-r--r-- 7490 Sep 12 1991 zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx

Chances are, you will get a number of similar looking responses for each
program. The "host" is the system that has the file. The "Location"
tells you which directory to look in when you connect to that system.
Ignore the funny-looking collections of r's and hyphens for now. After
them, come the size of the file or directory listing in bytes, the date
it was uploaded, and the name of the file.

7.3 GETTING THE FILES

Now you want to get that file.

Assuming your host site does have ftp, you connect in a similar fashion
to telnet, by typing:

ftp sumex-aim.stanford.edu

(or the name of whichever site you want to reach). Hit enter. If the
connection works, you'll see this:

Connected to sumex-aim.stanford.edu.
220 SUMEX-AIM FTP server (Version 4.196 Mon Jan 13 13:52:23 PST 1992) ready.
Name (sumex-aim.stanford.edu:adamg):

If nothing happens after a minute or so, hit control-C to return to your
host system's command line. But if it has worked, type

anonymous

and hit enter. You'll see a lot of references on the Net to
"anonymous ftp." This is how it gets its name -- you don't really have
to tell the library site what your name is. The reason is that these
sites are set up so that anybody can gain access to certain public
files, while letting people with accounts on the sites to log on and
access their own personal files. Next, you'll be asked for your
password. As a password, use your e-mail address. This will then come
up:

230 Guest connection accepted. Restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp>

Now type

ls

and hit enter. You'll see something awful like this:

200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
total 2636
-rw-rw-r-- 1 0 31 4444 Mar 3 11:34 README.POSTING
dr-xr-xr-x 2 0 1 512 Nov 8 11:06 bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 11030960 Apr 2 14:06 core
dr--r--r-- 2 0 1 512 Nov 8 11:06 etc
drwxrwsr-x 5 13 22 512 Mar 19 12:27 imap
drwxr-xr-x 25 1016 31 512 Apr 4 02:15 info-mac
drwxr-x--- 2 0 31 1024 Apr 5 15:38 pid
drwxrwsr-x 13 0 20 1024 Mar 27 14:03 pub
drwxr-xr-x 2 1077 20 512 Feb 6 1989 tmycin
226 Transfer complete.
ftp>

Ack! Let's decipher this Rosetta Stone.

First, ls is the ftp command for displaying a directory (you can actually
use dir as well, but if you're used to MS-DOS, this could lead to
confusion when you try to use dir on your host system, where it won't
work, so it's probably better to just remember to always use ls for a
directory while online).

The very first letter on each line tells you whether the listing is for a
directory or a file. If the first letter is a ``d,'' or an "l", it's a
directory. Otherwise, it's a file.

The rest of that weird set of letters and dashes consist of "flags" that
tell the ftp site who can look at, change or delete the file. You can
safely ignore it. You can also ignore the rest of the line until you get
to the second number, the one just before the date. This tells you how
large the file is, in bytes. If the line is for a directory, the
number gives you a rough indication of how many items are in that
directory -- a directory listing of 512 bytes is relatively small. Next
comes the date the file or directory was uploaded, followed (finally!) by
its name.

Notice the README.POSTING file up at the top of the directory. Most
archive sites have a "read me" document, which usually contains some
basic information about the site, its resources and how to use them.
Let's get this file, both for the information in it and to see how to
transfer files from there to here. At the ftp> prompt, type

get README

and hit enter. Note that ftp sites are no different from Unix sites in
general: they are case-sensitive. You'll see something like this:

200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for README (4444 bytes).
226 Transfer complete. 4444 bytes received in 1.177seconds (3.8 Kbytes/s)

And that's it! The file is now located in your home directory on your host
system, from which you can now download it to your own computer. The
simple "get" command is the key to transferring a file from an archive
site to your host system.

If you want to download more than one file at a time (say a series of
documents, use mget instead of get; for example:

mget *.txt

This will transfer copies of every file ending with .txt in the given
directory. Before each file is copied, you'll be asked if you're sure
you want it. Despite this, mget could still save you considerable
time -- you won't have to type in every single file name. If you want to
save even more time, and are sure you really want ALL of the given files,
type

prompt

before you do the mget command. This will turn off the prompt, and all
the files will be zapped right into your home directory.

There is one other command to keep in mind. If you want to get a copy of
a computer program, type

bin

and hit enter. This tells the ftp site and your host site that you are
sending a binary file, i.e., a program. Most ftp sites now use binary
format as a default, but it's a good idea to do this in case you've
connected to one of the few that doesn't.

To switch to a directory, type

cd directory-name

(substituting the name of the directory you want to access) and hit
enter. Type

ls

and hit enter to get the file listing for that particular directory.
To move back up the directory tree, type

cd ..

(note the space between the d and the first period) and hit enter. Or
you could type

cdup

and hit enter. Keep doing this until you get to the directory of
interest. Alternately, if you already know the directory path of the
file you want (from our friend archie), after you connect, you could
simply type

get directory/subdirectory/filename

On many sites, files meant for public consumption are in the pub or
public directory; sometimes you'll see an info directory.

Almost every site has a bin directory, which at first glance sounds like
a bin in which interesting stuff might be dumped. But it actually stands
for "binary" and is simply a place for the system administrator to store
the programs that run the ftp system. Lost+found is another directory
that looks interesting but actually never has anything of public interest
in them.

Before, you saw how to use archie. From our example, you can see that
some system administrators go a little berserk when naming files.
Fortunately, there's a way for you to rename the file as it's being
transferred. Using our archie example, you'd type

get zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx zterm.hqx

and hit enter. Instead of having to deal constantly with a file called
zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx, you'll now have one called, simply,
zterm.hqx.

Those last three letters bring up something else: Many program files are
compressed to save on space and transmission time. In order to actually
use them, you'll have to use an un-compress program on them first.

7.4 ODD LETTERS -- DECODING FILE ENDINGS

There are a wide variety of compression methods in use. You can tell
which method was used by the last one to three letters at the end of a
file. Here are some of the more common ones and what you'll need to un-
compress the files they create (most of these decompression programs can
be located through archie).

.txt or .TXT By itself, this means the file is a document, rather than a

program.

.ps or .PS A PostScript document (in Adobe's page description

language). You can print this file on any PostScript

capable printer, or use a previewer, like GNU project's

GhostScript.

.doc or .DOC Another common "extension" for documents. No decompression

is needed, unless it is followed by:

.Z This indicates a Unix compression method. To uncompress,

type

uncompress filename.Z

and hit enter at your host system's command line. If the

file is a compressed text file, you can read it online by

instead typing

qzcat filename.txt.Z |more

u16.zip is an MS-DOS program that will let you download

such a file and uncompress it on your own computer. The

Macintosh equivalent program is called MacCompress (use

archie to find these).

.zip or .ZIP These indicate the file has been compressed with a common

MS-DOS compression program, known as PKZIP (use archie to

find PKZIP204.EXE). Many Unix systems will let you un-ZIP

a file with a program called, well, unzip.

.gz A Unix version of ZIP. To uncompress, type

gunzip filename.gz

at your host system's command line.

.zoo or .ZOO A Unix and MS-DOS compression format. Use a program called

zoo to uncompress

.Hqx or .hqx Mactintosh compression format. Requires the BinHex program.

.shar or Another Unix format. Use unshar to uncompress.
.Shar

.tar Another Unix format, often used to compress several related

files into one large file. Most Unix systems will have a

program called tar for "un-tarring" such files. Often, a

"tarred" file will also be compressed with the gz method,

so you first have to use uncompress and then tar.

.sit or .Sit A Mactinosh format that requires the StuffIt program.

.ARC Another MS-DOS format, which requires the use of the ARC

or ARCE programs.

.LHZ Another MS-DOS format; requires the use of LHARC.

A few last words of caution: Check the size of a file before you get it.
The Net moves data at phenomenal rates of speed. But that 500,000-byte
file that gets transferred to your host system in a few seconds could
take more than an hour or two to download to your computer if you're
using a 2400-baud modem. Your host system may also have limits on the
amount of bytes you can store online at any one time. Also, although it
is really extremely unlikely you will ever get a file infected with a
virus, if you plan to do much downloading over the Net, you'd be wise to
invest in a good anti-viral program, just in case.

7.5 THE KEYBOARD CABAL

System administrators are like everybody else -- they try to make things
easier for themselves. And when you sit in front of a keyboard all day,
that can mean trying everything possible to reduce the number of keys you
actually have to hit each day.

Unfortunately, that can make it difficult for the rest of us.

You've already read about bin and lost+found directories. Etc is another
seemingly interesting directory that turns out to be another place to
store files used by the ftp site itself. Again, nothing of any real
interest.

Then, once you get into the actual file libraries, you'll find that in
many cases, files will have such non-descriptive names as V1.1-AK.TXT.
The best known example is probably a set of several hundred files known
as RFCs, which provide the basic technical and organizational information
on which much of the Internet is built. These files can be found on many
ftp sites, but always in a form such as RFC101.TXT, RFC102.TXT and so on,
with no clue whatsoever as to what information they contain.

Fortunately, almost all ftp sites have a "Rosetta Stone" to help you
decipher these names. Most will have a file named README (or some
variant) that gives basic information about the system. Then, most
directories will either have a similar README file or will have an index
that does give brief descriptions of each file. These are usually the
first file in a directory and often are in the form 00INDEX.TXT. Use the
ftp command to get this file. You can then scan it online or download it
to see which files you might be interested in.

Another file you will frequently see is called ls-lR.Z. This contains a
listing of every file on the system, but without any descriptions (the
name comes from the Unix command ls -lR, which gives you a listing of all
the files in all your directories). The Z at the end means the file has
been compressed, which means you will have to use a Unix un-compress
command before you can read the file.

And finally, we have those system administrators who almost seem to
delight in making things difficult -- the ones who take full advantage of
Unix's ability to create absurdly long file names. On some FTP sites,
you will see file names as long as 80 characters or so, full of capital
letters, underscores and every other orthographic device that will make
it almost impossible for you to type the file name correctly when you try
to get it. Your secret weapon here is the mget command. Just type mget,
a space, and the first five or six letters of the file name, followed by
an asterisk, for example:

mget This_F*

The FTP site will ask you if you want to get the file that begins with
that name. If there are several files that start that way, you might have
to answer 'n' a few times, but it's still easier than trying to recreate
a ludicrously long file name.

7.6 SOME INTERESTING FTP SITES

What follows is a list of some interesting ftp sites, arranged by
category. With hundreds of ftp sites now on the Net, however, this list
barely scratches the surface of what is available. Liberal use of archie
will help you find specific files.

The times listed for each site are in Eastern time and represent the
periods during which it is considered acceptable to connect.

AMIGA

ftp.uu.net Has Amiga programs in the systems/amiga directory.

Available 24 hours.

wuarchive.wustl.edu. Look in the pub/aminet directory.

Available 24 hours.

ATARI

atari.archive.umich.edu Find almost all the Atari files you'll ever
need, in the atari directory.
7 p.m. - 7 a.m.

BOOKS

rtfm.mit.edu The pub/usenet/rec.arts.books directories has
reading lists for various authors as well as lists of recommended
bookstores in different cities. Unfortunately, this site uses incredibly
long file names -- so long they may scroll off the end of your screen if
you are using an MS-DOS or certain other computers. Even if you want
just one of the files, it probably makes more sense to use mget than get.
This way, you will be asked on each file whether you want to get it;
otherwise you may wind up frustrated because the system will keep telling
you the file you want doesn't exist (since you may miss the end of its
name due to the scrolling problem).
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu Project Gutenberg is an effort to translate
paper texts into electronic form. Already available are more than 100
titles, from works by Lewis Carrol to Mark Twain; from "A Tale of Two
Cities" to "Son of Tarzan." Look in the /etext/etext92 and
/etext/etext93 directories.
6 p.m. - 9 a.m.

COMPUTER ETHICS

ftp.eff.org The home of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Use cd
to get to the pub directory and then look in the EFF, SJG and CPSR
directories for documents on the EFF itself and various issues related to
the Net, ethics and the law.
Available 24 hours.

CONSUMER

rtfm.mit.edu The pub/usenet/misc.consumers directory has
documents related to credit. The pub/usenet/rec.travel.air directory
will tell you how to deal with airline reservation clerks, find the best
prices on seats, etc. See under Books for a caveat in using this ftp
site.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

COOKING

wuarchive.wustl.edu Look for recipes and recipe directories in the
usenet/rec.food.cooking/recipes directory.

gatekeeper.dec.com Recipes are in the pub/recipes directory.

ECONOMICS

neeedc.umesbs.maine.edu The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston uses
this site (yes, there are three 'e's in "neeedc") to house all sorts of
data on the New England economy. Many files contain 20 years or more of
information, usually in forms that are easily adaptable to spreadsheet or
database files. Look in the frbb directory.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

town.hall.org. Look in the edgar directory for the beginnings of a
system to distribute annual reports and other data publicly held
companies are required to file with the Securities and Exchange
Commission. The other/fed directory holds various statistical files from
the Federal Reserve Board.

FTP

iraun1.ira.uka.de Run by the computer-science department of the
University of Karlsruhe in Germany, this site offers lists of anonymous-
FTP sites both internationally (in the anon.ftp.sites directory) and in
Germany (in anon.ftp.sites.DE).
12 p.m. to 2 a.m.

ftp.netcom.com The pub/profiles directory has lists of ftp sites.

GOVERNMENT

ncsuvm.cc.ncsu.edu The SENATE directory contains bibliographic
records of U.S. Senate hearings and documents for the past several
Congresses. Get the file README.DOS9111, which will explain the cryptic
file names.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

nptn.org The General Accounting Office is the investigative wing of
Congress. The pub/e.texts/gao.reports directory represents an experiment
by the agency to use ftp to distribute its reports.
Available 24 hours.

info.umd.edu The info/Government/US/Whitehouse directory has copies
of press releases and other documents from the Clinton administration.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

leginfo.public.ca.gov This is a repository of legislative
calendars, bills and other information related to state government in
California.
Available 24 hours.

whitehouse.gov Look for copies of presidential position papers,
transcripts of press conferences and related information here.
Available 24 hours.

See also under law.

HISTORY

nptn.org This site has a large, growing collecting of text files.
In the pub/e.texts/freedom.shrine directory, you'll find copies of
important historical documents, from the Magna Carta to the Declaration
of Independence and the Emancipation Proclamation.
Available 24 hours.

ra.msstate.edu Mississippi State maintains an eclectic database of
historical documents, detailing everything from Attilla's battle strategy
to songs of soldiers in Vietnam, in the docs/history directory.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

seq1.loc.gov The Library of Congress has acquired numerous
documents from the former Soviet government and has translated many of
them into English. In the pub/soviet.archive/text.english directory,
you'll find everything from telegrams from Lenin ordering the death of
peasants to Khrushchev's response to Kennedy during the Cuban missile
crisis. The README file in the pub/soviet.archive directory provides an
index to the documents.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

HONG KONG

nok.lcs.mit.edu GIF pictures of Hong Kong pop stars, buildings
and vistas are available in the pub/hongkong/HKPA directory.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

INTERNET

ftp.eff.org The pub/Net_info directory has a number of sub-
directories containing various Internet resources guides and information
files, including the latest online version of EFF's Guide to the Internet.
Available 24 hours.

nic.ddn.mil The internet-drafts directory contains information about
Internet, while the scc directory holds network security bulletins.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

LAW

info.umd.edu U.S. Supreme Court decisions from 1989 to the present
are stored in the info/Government/US/SupremeCt directory. Each term has
a separate directory (for example, term1992). Get the README and Index
files to help decipher the case numbers.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

ftp.uu.net Supreme Court decisions are in the court-opinions
directory. You'll want to get the index file, which tells you which file
numbers go with which file names. The decisions come in WordPerfect and
Atex format only.
Available 24 hours a day.

LIBRARIES

ftp.unt.edu The library directory contains numerous lists of
libraries with computerized card catalogs accessible through the Net.

LITERATURE

nptn.org In the pub/e.texts/gutenberg/etext91 and etext92
directories, you can get copies of Aesop's Fables, works by Lewis Carroll
and other works of literature, as well as the Book of Mormon.
Available 24 hours.

world.std.com The obi directory has everything from online fables
to accounts of Hiroshima survivors.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

MACINTOSH

sumex-aim.stanford.edu This is the premier site for Macintosh
software. After you log in, switch to the info-mac directory, which will
bring up a long series of sub-directories of virtually every free and
shareware Mac program you could ever want.
9 p.m. - 9 a.m.

ftp.uu.net You'll find lots of Macintosh programs in the
systems/mac/simtel20 directory.
Available 24 hours a day.

MOVIE REVIEWS

lcs.mit.edu Look in the movie-reviews directory.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

MS-DOS

wuarchive.wustl.edu This carries one of the world's largest
collections of MS-DOS software. The files are actually copied, or
"mirrored" from a computer at the U.S. Army's White Sands Missile Range
(which uses ftp software that is totally incomprehensible). It also
carries large collections of Macintosh, Windows, Atari, Amiga, Unix, OS9,
CP/M and Apple II software. Look in the mirrors and systems directories.
The gif directory contains a large number of GIF graphics images.
Accessible 24 hours.

ftp.uu.net Look for MS-DOS programs and files in the
systems/msdos/simtel20 directory.
Available 24 hours a day.

MUSIC

cs.uwp.edu The pub/music directory has everything from lyrics of
contemporary songs to recommended CDs of baroque music. It's a little
different - and easier to navigate - than other ftp sites. File and
directory names are on the left, while on the right, you'll find a brief
description of the file or directory.

potemkin.cs.pdx.edu The Bob Dylan archive. Interviews, notes,
year-by-year accounts of his life and more, in the pub/dylan directory.
9 p.m. - 9 a.m.

ftp.nevada.edu Guitar chords for contemporary songs are in the
pub/guitar directory, in subdirectories organized by group or artist.

NATIVE AMERICANS

pines.hsu.edu Home of IndianNet, this site contains a variety
of directories and files related to Indians and Eskimos, including
federal census data, research reports and a tribal profiles database.
Look in the pub and indian directories.

PETS

rtfm.mit.edu The pub/usenet/rec.pets.dogs and
pub/usenet.rec.pets.cats directories have documents on the respective
animals. See under Books for a caveat in using this ftp site.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

PICTURES

wuarchiv.wustl.edu The graphics/gif directory contains hundreds of
GIF photographic and drawing images, from cartoons to cars, space images
to pop stars. These are arranged in a long series of subdirectories.

PHOTOGRAPHY

ftp.nevada.edu Photolog is an online digest of photography news, in
the pub/photo directory.

RELIGION

nptn.org In the pub/e.texts/religion directory, you'll find
subdirectories for chapters and books of both the Bible and the Koran.
Available 24 hours.

SCIENCE FICTION

elbereth.rutgers.edu In the pub/sfl directory, you'll find plot
summaries for various science-fiction TV shows, including Star Trek (not
only the original and Next Generation shows, but the cartoon version as
well), Lost in Space, Battlestar Galactica, the Twilight Zone, the
Prisoner and Doctor Who. There are also lists of various things related
to science fiction and an online science-fiction fanzine.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

SEX

rtfm.mit.edu Look in the pub/usenet/alt.sex and
pub/usenet/alt.sex.wizards directories for documents related to all
facets of sex. See under Books for a caveat in using this ftp site.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

SHAKESPEARE

atari.archive.umich.edu The shakespeare directory contains most of
the Bard's works. A number of other sites have his works as well, but
generally as one huge mega-file. This site breaks them down into various
categories (comedies, poetry, histories, etc.) so that you can download
individual plays or sonnets.

SPACE

ames.arc.nasa.gov Stores text files about space and the history of
the NASA space program in the pub/SPACE subdirectory. In the pub/GIF
and pub/SPACE/GIF directories, you'll find astronomy- and NASA-related
GIF files, including pictures of planets, satellites and other celestial
objects.
9 p.m. - 9 a.m.

TV

coe.montana.edu The pub/TV/Guides directory has histories and other
information about dozens of TV shows. Only two anonymous-ftp log-ins are
allowed at a time, so you might have to try more than once to get in.
8 p.m. - 8 a.m.

ftp.cs.widener.edu The pub/simpsons directory has more files than
anybody could possibly need about Bart and family. The pub/strek
directory has files about the original and Next Generation shows as well
as the movies.
See also under Science Fiction.

TRAVEL

nic.stolaf.edu Before you take that next overseas trip, you might
want to see whether the State Department has issued any kind of advisory
for the countries on your itinerary. The advisories, which cover
everything from hurricane damage to civil war, are in the pub/travel-
advisories/advisories directory, arranged by country.
7 p.m. - 7 a.m.

USENET

ftp.uu.net In the usenet directory, you'll find "frequently asked
questions" files, copied from rtfm.mit.edu. The communications
directory holds programs that let MS-DOS users connect directly with UUCP
sites. In the info directory, you'll find information about ftp and ftp
sites. The inet directory contains information about Internet.
Available 24 hours.

rtfm.mit.edu This site contains all available "frequently
asked questions" files for Usenet newsgroups in the pub/usenet directory.
See under Books for a caveat in using this ftp site.
6 p.m. - 6 a.m.

VIRUSES

ftp.unt.edu The antivirus directory has anti-virus programs for MS-
DOS and Macintosh computers.
7 p.m. - 7 a.m.

WEATHER

wuarchive.wustl.edu The /multimedia/images/wx directory contains GIF
weather images of North America. Files are updated hourly and take this
general form: CV100222. The first two letters tell the type of file: CV
means it is a visible-light photo taken by a weather satellite. CI
images are similar, but use infrared light. Both these are in black and
white. Files that begin with SA are color radar maps of the U.S. that
show severe weather patterns but also fronts and temperatures in major
cities. The numbers indicate the date and time (in GMT - five hours
ahead of EST) of the image: the first two numbers represent the month,
the next two the date, the last two the hour. The file WXKEY.GIF explains
the various symbols in SA files.

7.7 ncftp -- NOW YOU TELL ME!

If you're lucky, the people who run your host system or public-access
site have installed a program called ncftp, which takes some of the edges
off the ftp process.

For starters, when you use ncftp instead of plain old ftp, you no longer
have to worry about misspelling "anonymous" when you connect. The
program does it for you. And once you're in, instead of getting line
after line filled with dashes, x's, r's and d's, you only get listings of
the files or directories themselves (if you're used to MS-DOS, the
display you get will be very similar to that produced by the dir/w
command). The program even creates a list of the ftp sites you've used
most recently, so you can pick from that list, instead of trying to
remember some incredibly complex ftp site name.

Launching the program, assuming your site has it, is easy. At the
command prompt, type

ncftp sitename

where "sitename" is the site you want to reach (alternately, you could
type just ncftp and then use its open command). Once connected, you can
use the same ftp commands you've become used to, such as ls, get and
mget. Entries that end in a / are directories to which you can switch
with cd; others are files you can get. A couple of useful ncftp commands
include type, which lets you change the type of file transfer (from ASCII
to binary for example) and size, which lets you see how large a file is
before you get it, for example

size declaration.txt

would tell you how large the declaration.txt file is before you get it.
When you say "bye" to disconnect from a site, ncftp remembers the last
directory you were in, so that the next time you connect to the site, you
are put back into that directory automatically. If you type

help

you'll get a list of files you can read to extend the power of the
program even further.

7.8 PROJECT GUTENBERG -- ELECTRONIC BOOKS

Project Gutenberg, coordinated by Michael Hart, has a fairly ambitious
goal: to make more than 10,000 books and other documents available
electronically by the year 2001. In 1993, the project uploaded an
average of four books a month to its ftp sites; in 1994, they hope to
double the pace.

Begun in 1971, the project already maintains a "library" of hundreds of
books and stories, from Aesop's Fables to "Through the Looking Glass"
available for the taking. It also has a growing number of current-
affairs documents, such as the CIA's annual "World Factbook" almanac.

Besides nptn.org, Project Gutenberg texts can be retrieved from
mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu in the etext directory.

7.9 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

* You get a "host unavailable" message. The ftp site is down for some
reason.

Try again later.

* You get a "host unknown" message.

Check your spelling of the site name.

* You misspell "anonymous" when logging in and get a message telling you
a password is required for whatever you typed in.

Type something in, hit enter, type bye, hit enter, and try again.
Alternately, try typing "ftp" instead of "anonymous." It will work on a
surprising number of sites. Or just use ncftp, if your site has it, and
never worry about this again.

*You connect to a site, but then the site promptly disconnects you.

Try again in a few minutes. As the internet becomes more popular, more
and more sites are being overloaded by the demand.

7.10 FYI

Liberal use of archie will help you find specific files or documents.
For information on new or interesting ftp sites, try the comp.archives
newsgroup on Usenet. You can also look in the comp.misc,
comp.sources.wanted or news.answers newsgroups on Usenet for lists of ftp
sites posted every month by Tom Czarnik and Jon Granrose.

The comp.archives newsgroup carries news of new ftp sites and interesting
new files on existing sites.

In the comp.virus newsgroup on Usenet, look for postings that list ftp
sites carrying anti-viral software for Amiga, MS-DOS, Macintosh, Atari
and other computers.

The comp.sys.ibm.pc.digest and comp.sys.mac.digest newsgroups provide
information about new MS-DOS and Macintosh programs as well as answers to
questions from users of those computers.