CHAPTER 9: THE WORLD-WIDE WEB

9.1 GETTING SNARED IN THE WEB

As nice as gophers are, there's an even better way to navigate and find
information resources on the Net -- the World-Wide Web.

Originally developed as a resource for physicists, the Web today is
fast becoming the Main Street of cyberspace. You'll find interesting
characters wandering around, museums and galleries to visit, schools to
teach you new skills, even restaurants (some of which will deliver real
food in response to e-mail). You name it, chances are somebody's created a
Web server about it. Growing numbers of people even have their own
personal Web "pages" where they let the world know what they're
interested in.

The Web's exploded in popularity for two reasons. One is that it is
fairly easy to use. As with gophers, you navigate the Web by making
selections from your screen -- no more cryptic Unix commands to memorize.
The Web also lets you connect to FTP sites, so you no longer even have to
use arcane anonymous-FTP commands in most cases.

But what really sets the Web apart is hyperlinks. To understand
hyperlinks, think of an encyclopedia. As you read an article on, say,
Africa, your eye is drawn to a picture of an elephant. You want to learn
more about the animal, so you get out the "E" volume and look up
"elephant" and start reading.

Hyperlinks are the online equivalent of this browsing process. Tim
Berners-Lee, who developed the original Web model, came up with a simple
language that lets somebody developing a Web document embed pointers to
related resources. When you then call up that document, you'll see some
words in a different color or somehow otherwise highlighted. By moving
your cursor to one of those words and then hitting enter (or clicking on
it with your mouse, depending on your interface), you'll then call up the
linked document.

Because these hyperlinks are easy to create (more on that in a bit) --
anybody can put together a Web resource that can become a central
clearinghouse of information on virtually any topic, linking documents
that could be physically stored in dozens of locations around the world.

9.2 ALRIGHT, ALREADY, LET'S GO!

We're almost there. But first a word about graphics. If you've heard of
the Web, chances are good you've also heard of Mosaic. Mosaic, developed
at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University
of Illinois, brought a graphical, point-and-click interface to the Web,
and in less than a year became almost synonymous with it.

There are a couple of problems with Mosaic (and related programs),
however. One is that you need a machine capable of providing a graphical
user interface, such as those running Unix, Windows or the Macintosh
operating system. MS-DOS users are out of luck. So are the blind.
Also, Mosaic requires a fairly large chunk of computing and network
capabilities to work well, so forget about using it on your old 2400-bps
modem).

If you do have these capabilities, we'll talk about how to set up Mosaic
and similar programs in a bit. But for now, let's look at Lynx, a text-
based program that gives universal access to the Web -- via a simple
dial-up connection in most cases. It doesn't give you the pretty
pictures (although you'll be able to download many of them) and it
doesn't work with a mouse. But it's simple enough to use -- and one
could argue that if you're using the Web just to find information, you
might not want pictures, anyway, because they can take so long to get to
your computer and display.

Lynx, the creation of Michael Grobe, Lou Montulli and Charles Rezac of
the University of Kansas, will remind you of gophers in many ways. As
with gopher, probably the best way to learn how to use Lynx is just to
dive right in. At your host system's command prompt, type

lynx

and hit enter (Free-Net users: go into the "Teleport" area and look for
the "Communications Tower"). If you're lucky, your system administrator
has already installed Lynx and you'll see something like this:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE WEB [IMAGE]

There is no "top" to the World-Wide Web. You can look at it from many
points of view. Here are some places to start.

[IMAGE] by Subject
The Virtual Library organizes information by subject matter.

List of servers
All registered HTTP servers by country

by Service Type
The Web includes data accessible by many other protocols. The
lists by access protocol may help if you know what kind of
service you are looking for.

If you find a useful starting point for you personally, you can
configure your WWW browser to start there by default.

-- press space for more, use arrow keys to move, '?' for help, 'q' to quit
Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go back.
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search [delete]=history list
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

If nothing happens, consider asking your system administrator to get Lynx
(tell him it's available via anonymous ftp at ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the
pub/lynx directory). Until he does, you can try out Lynx by using telnet
to connect to this address:

sunsite.unc.edu

When you connect, log on as: lynx

This is a popular site, so it can be slooow at times. Alternately, you
could use telnet to connect to

ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu

with a log on of: www

However, this site (the home of Lynx's creators) will not let you use all
of Lynx's features.

As you can see from the above, the Web has no real menus, at least not in
the sense that gopher does. Instead, the system is composed of documents
or "pages" (the "title of contents" or opening page on a Web site is
known as its "home page"). If you are using VT100 or similar emulation and
a color monitor, the above screen would have certain words in a different
color than the others. These words are the hyperlinks. By moving your
cursor to one and then hitting enter, you'll move to a new page -- which
could be located on a completely different computer somewhere else in the
world.

The above main page, which comes from the CERN, the European High-Energy
Physics Research Center (where Tim Berners-Lee developed the Web) has
three main hyperlinks:

[IMAGE] by Subject

List of servers

by Service Type

The first one contains a list of various Web resources around the world,
categorized by subject. The second one lists them by continent, country
and then city. The final one lets you browse among non-Web services,
such as our friend gopher and Wide-Area Information Servers (in fact,
you could live your entire Internet life within the Web; not only does it
let you connect to gophers, ftp sites and the like, but with some Web
software, you can even read and reply to Usenet messages as well). To
call up any of them, you move your cursor to it (with the down or up
arrows) and hit enter.

Play with the Web! Move your cursor around, hit enter, and see where you
pop up. The key navigational keys are your arrow keys.
The up and down arrow keys let you hop among highlighted links. The right
arrow key is the same as enter -- it sends you to the highlighted service.
The left arrow key is analogous to 'u' in gopher -- it takes you back to
the previous document. This arrangement can take a little getting used
to. If there are two hyperlinks listed on one line, you would use your
down or up arrow to move between them -- NOT your right or left ones!

There are additional navigational commands that will come in handy in a
hypertext system (without them, it would be easy to get lost rather
quickly). A key one is your backspace or delete key. Hitting that will
bring up a list of links you've made in the current session; you can then
choose one if you want to get back somewhere. Hitting m will bring you
back to your "main page," that is, the first page you saw when you
started up Lynx.

9.3 ADDRESSING A PROBLEM

One feature Lynx has that gophers do not is the ability to go directly to
a service by typing in its address. You get to this function by hitting
a lower-case g at any point in Lynx. Here's where you run into the mess
that is Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). The idea behind URLs is
actually a good one: to create a universal system for accessing
information on the Internet, no matter if it's a single file on an
anonymous-FTP site, an entire gopher server, or a Web image.
Unfortunately, that means that, in WWW, you're going to have to get used
to seeing, and typing, things like:

http://www.germany.eu.net/books/eegtti/eegtti.html

(which is actually the Web address for an enhanced version of Everybody's
Guide to the Internet). Ack! The "http" means you're dealing with a WWW
resource -- it stands for "HyperText Transport Protocol," which is the
particular way the Web moves information around the world. Lynx needs
that information to be able to figure out how to connect to the system.

Next comes the name of the site on which the resource is located, followed
by the directory path. URLs are case sensitive, so be careful!

In the above example, notice how the last item ends in ".html." That
stands for "HyperText Markup Language," which is the coding used to
create hyperlinks. You'll often find Web addresses ending in that,
because they will be pointers to main pages for particular resources.
Sometimes, if you are trying to reach a service without a main HTML page
(a gopher, for example), you may have to end the address with a /, for
example: gopher://gopher.eff.org/

Fortunately, in many cases, you will have to type these long names only
once. Recall how hitting your backspace or delete key creates a list of
hyperlinks to services you've tried in a particular session. You can also
create a list of "bookmarks" to speed you to particular services in the
future. To add a page to your list, hit a lower-case a while on that
page. You'll be asked if you want to add the document or the hyperlink
to your bookmark page. Choose the document option and it'll be added.

To see your bookmark list, hit v. You'll then be able to zoom to
any services in the list by moving your cursor to its highlighted name
and hitting enter.

9.4 IMAGINE THAT -- DOWNLOADING PICTURES

As you play with Lynx, you'll notice that some pages will have entries
that look like this: [IMAGE]. If the word is the same color as the other
text on your screen, you won't be able to download it. If it's a
different color or somehow highlighted, you should be able to put your
cursor on it and hit enter. You'll get one of two messages. One says
something about how the "client" can't display an ISMAP image. In that
case, there's not much you can do, except hit your left arrow key to get
back to the previous page -- Lynx at this point can't handle this
particular system for displaying maps.

The other message also looks potentially frustrating: "This file cannot
be displayed on this terminal. D)ownload or C)ancel." This is actually
good news, however, because it means it's an image you can retrieve. If
you hit a lower-case d, you'll be asked if you want to save the image to
your host system, or if you want to use Zmodem to download it directly to
your own computer. If you're using a communications program with Zmodem,
selecting the latter will immediately start the process of transferring
it to you. The file names will always look something like: L23015.HTM.
In most cases, the files will be GIF images, occasionally JPEG images,
and, rarely, TIFF images. You'll need a GIF/JPEG viewer on your computer
to view these. If you don't have Zmodem, save the image to your host
system. Interestingly, when you do this, you'll get a more descriptive
file name, OLDBONES.GIF instead of L2015.HTM, for example. In either
case, when you're done transferring the file, hit your left arrow key to
get back to the previous page. Before you actually download the file,
you'll see a message indicating how large it is -- handy to know if
you're using a relatively slow modem.

Sometimes, instead of the above message, you'll get a more forbidding
looking one:

showpicture -viewer xv /tmp/L229787.html
This message contains a picture, which can currently only be
viewed when running X11. If you read this message while running
X11, and have your DISPLAY variable set, you will then
be able to see the picture properly.

Yikes! Ignore this and look for the prompt asking if you want to save
this to a file. Hit a lower-case y and you'll be prompted for a name.
Type in whatever you want to call the file and hit enter. You've just
saved a copy of the file to your home directory on your Internet host,
which means that, when you're done with Lynx, you can download it to your
home computer.

A related function to downloading is retrieving a copy of a document. To
do that, hit p within a document. You'll be given several choices as to
how to retrieve it, including sending it to yourself via e-mail or saving
it to a file in your home directory on your public-access site.

9.5 LYNX, MEET GOPHER

One of the nice things about Lynx is that you can also use it to reach
non-Web resources, from FTP and telnet sites to gophers. This means that
you can use it as your one-stop interface for Internet information
services.

Recall earlier how you have to type "http://" as part of the URLs for Web
sites. There are similar prefixes for other types of services, for
example: gopher://, ftp:// and telnet://.

Telnet is the easiest to use. Say you want to connect to the Electronic
Periodic Table of the Elements at camm57.caos.kun.nl. In Lynx, hit a
lower-case g and then type:

telnet://camm57.caos.kun.nl

and hit enter, and you'll be connected. The one caveat with telnet sites
is that many have their own user interfaces, so keys may do different
things than they would if you were connected to a Web site. If you're
ever stuck on a telnet site and can't get out, hit control-] (your
"control" and "]" keys at the same time) to return to Lynx.

Connecting to an FTP site works basically the same: for example, to get
to ftp.uu.net, type a lower-case g and then

ftp://ftp.uu.net

You won't have to log in, though, which is nice. And once you're in,
you'll be able to navigate by making selections off a menu, rather than
having to type any Unix commands. If you already know a particular
file's name and path on a site, you could even go to it directly, by
hitting a lower-case g and then typing in site name and path, like this:

ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/ibmpc/msdos/simtel/zip/pkz204g.exe

Getting to a gopher works basically the same, except you'd substitute
"gopher://" for "telnet://" or "ftp://." Where it does get tricker with
gophers, however, is if you want to get to a specific document or
directory on a gopher. This is because gopher administrators usually
mask their Unix directory names with natural-language titles, for
example, "Sports and recreation" rather than "sports_rec." But URLs use
the Unix paths, so that if you're used to being told "Connect to
gopher.site.com, select 'Society' and then 'Sports and recreation'" you'd
have to translate that into URL-ese as something like:
gopher://gopher.site.com/11/soc/sports_rec. How to find these? Connect to
the top-level gopher address, for example:

gopher.std.com

Then make selections until you get to the document or directory you want.
Now either hit a lower-case a to add the path to your bookmark list, or,
if you want to write it down, hit an equal sign, which will show you the
path.

9.6 FINDING THINGS ON THE WEB

Like Gopher, the Web is a fascinating place to explore -- just keep
following links to see where they take you. In fact, Lynx and other Web
programs are often called "browsers" for just this reason. Eventually,
however, you might want to find something specific on the Web and you
might want to find it now.

Unlike with Gopher and Veronica, there is no single way to search the Web.
Instead, several organizations around the world have developed different
types of databases that let you find Web documents and hyperlinks. The
ones that follow are all fairly powerful yet relatively easy to use.
Because they all seem to use different methods for finding things, it can
sometimes be worthwhile to try several of them as part of your search --
you'll find different resources with each. An added bonus is that
often, the people who maintain one search "engine" will provide quick
links to the others, making it easy for you to get from one to the other.

One of the more useful systems is EINet Galaxy, run by the
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. in Austin, Texas, both
because it's easy to use and because it lets you search for both Web and
Gopher resources.

To get to it, hit a lower-case g within Lynx and then type:

http://galaxy.einet.net

When you connect, you'll actually see what looks an awful lot like a
table of contents or index for the entire Internet -- dozens of entries
on broad topics from architecture to sociology. If you're not in a hurry,
these entries can prove an interesting introduction to just what's
avaialable these days. But today, we are in a hurry, so keep hitting
enter until you see something that looks like this:

Search for: ____________________ Search Clear selections [40 hits_]
( )Galaxy Pages ( )Galaxy Entries ( )World-wide Web ( )Gopher
( )Hytelnet

Up - Home - Help - Search - Top -- EINet Galaxy

First, notice the "Search" in the bottom list of options. If you moved
your cursor to that and hit enter, you'd be given a list of links to
other searchable databases of Web resources. But for now, move your
cursor (with the down-arrow key) until it's on the dashes. Here is where
you type in the word or words you're looking for (don't worry about
capitalization). Now it gets slightly tricky (because the system was
designed with mouse users in mind). Hit your down-arrow key until you
get to the space before "Galaxy Entries." Hit enter, and you'll see an
asterisk appear. As you might surmise, you're telling the system to
search for your keyword among "Galaxy Entries" (which are those indexed
listings we just passed over). Hit your down arrow again to move to the
"World-wide Web" entry and hit enter again. Do it once more for Gopher.
Now use your up key to move backwards, until the word "Search" is
highlighted. Hit enter.

EINet Galaxy now starts a search of its database, looking for any
potential matches in both Web and Gopher documents. Let's say you were
searching for information about the King, ol' Elvis himself. Had you
used "Elvis" as your search word, something like this would come back:

Galaxy Entry Results - for `` elvis''

4 documents found

* ELVIS+ WWW server from RUSSIA - Score: 1000 Size: 29
* Elvis Aron Presley Home Page - Score: 1000 Size: 28
* Elvis Aron Presley Home Page - Score: 1000 Size: 28
* The Elvis Costello home page - Score: 1000 Size: 28

World-wide Web Results - for `` elvis''

28 documents found
(Option list) Hit return and use arrow keys and return to select option

Each of the lines starting with an asterisk turns out to be a hyperlink
to a particular Web server. Curious about the first one, you move your
cursor there and hit enter -- and discover that a group of Russian
computer programmers have set up a software company they've decided to
call ELVIS+. OK. So you hit your left arrow key to get back to the
EINet Galaxy search results. Try the next one, and you find yourself
reading about the King. The "score" represents the database's attempt to
show you how relevant a particular item is to your search. If the word
you're looking for appears in a document's title or first paragraph, for
example, it will score higher in the databases 1-to-1000 ranking than if
it did not appear until the very last paragraph.

Another good Web info-searcher is David Filo and Jerry Yang's Yahoo server
at Stanford University (it stands for something along the lines of "Yet
Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle"). It'll remind you of EINet
Galaxy -- it, too, provides a table-of-contents type of interface to Web
(no Gopher) services, along with a more specific search tool. You'll
want to connect to:

http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo

One of your choices in a menu bar across the bottom of the screen will be
"Search." Select it, and you'll get a small form similar to EINet
Galaxy's. Although Yahoo will let you find all sorts of resources, it
really shines in the area of online businesses and the services they
offer.

Lycos at Carnegie-Mellon University is a third search system, which is
interesting in part because of the way new entries are added to its
database. Part of Lycos consists of an automated "web crawler" that
periodically, well, crawls around the Web looking for new servers and
documents. It then adds the information to the database. Connect to
http;//lycos.cs.cmu.edu. You'll be given a choice of searching Lycos1,
Lycos2 or Lycos3. These are different computers, but each contains the
same database, so it doesn't really matter which one you choose (unless
one doesn't work, then try one of the others). You'll then get a page
with these choices:

Lycos Search Language description
Form-based search with options (same database)
Register your own URLs with Lycos or Delete your own URLs
Lycos: Frequently Asked Questions

Select the second one and hit enter, which will bring up the search form.
It will then return a list of potentially relevant documents -- along
with snippets from those documents to help you decide whether you want
to look at them. By default, the computer will only respond with the
first 10 matches it finds. You can change that via a setting in the
search form.

9.7 SLIP: BUT I WANT TO USE MY MOUSE!

OK, so you have a Windows computer or Macintosh and you want to use the
Internet via a point-and-click interface. You can. Many Internet
providers now offer Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or Point to
Point Protocol (PPP) connections. Among other things, this sort of link
will let you run a growing number of programs that let you fully
integrate everything from e-mail to the Web into the interface with which
you're familiar -- you can use your mouse, drag and drop things, etc.
IBM now includes such software as part of its OS/2 operating system,
while Microsoft Corp. has similar plans for its Windows 95 operating
system. There are also several companies that offer complete graphical
Internet starter kits. For example, O'Reilly and Associates sells an
"Internet in a Box" kit for Windows users. And two Internet providers,
Netcom and Pipeline, offer their own, proprietary graphical user
interfaces for the Internet.

Although using these programs can be easy, setting them up is sometimes a
pain (it gets even more complex if you decide to download free and low-
cost software from the Internet that provides the same features). First,
check with your provider to see if they do offer SLIP or PPP access, and
if so, at what price (some may charge extra). If they do not, ask if
they will allow the use of The Internet Adapter, software that lets
Macintosh and Windows users use graphical programs via a standard dial-up
connection.

9.8 MORE ON SLIP

Computers tied directly to the Internet communicate with each other using
a standard known as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP). This standard allows for direct interaction between these
computers -- so that, for example, you can tap into a database halfway
around the world over the Net (it also deals with such issues as routing
information from A to B).

This is NOT what you are doing when you dial into a public-access site
with, say, Procomm. Once your computer and your host establish a link,
your computer basically goes to sleep and you interact with the network
via programs on your host. That terminal emulation you always have to
remember to set is merely a way to tell the host system what kind of
keyboard to pretend you'd be using if you were actually at the host
computer sitting at one of its terminals. All of the programs you need to
run to interact with the Net, from mail and Usenet readers to Gopher and
Lynx, are actually running on your provider's computer (or network); the
only time your computer wakes up is when you do something like download a
file (and even then, you're not using any particular Internet program).

SLIP makes your computer an active participant on the network (PPP
essentially does the same thing). With a SLIP account, it's essentially
your host that goes to sleep, acting only as a sort of doorway to the
rest of the Internet for you and your computer. Now your computer has
direct access to TCP/IP message packets (which can be anything from e-
mail to World-Wide Web images). Of course, this also means you'll need
all the software to do things sitting on your hard drive. Think of it as
the difference between renting an apartment, where the landlord takes
care of the maintenance, and owning your own house, where you gain the
freedom to do things the way you want.

9.9 HTML: BUILDING YOUR OWN

A growing number of Internet providers let users set up their own Web
home pages. If your providers is one of these, and you want to tell the
world your story, you'll need to know the HyperText Markup Language
(HTML). Fortunately, this is tedious rather than difficult to learn, and
there are HTML "authoring" programs out there that can help reduce the
burden.

The basic idea behind HTML is to embed codes within a standard ASCII text
document that tell the computer displaying the document to do something,
whether that's to put a word in bold, display an image, or jump to
another document. Here's what a simple HTML command looks like:

HTML commands are always between such brackets. The first instruction
tells the computer that what is to follow is a document title and to
display it at the top of the page (in Lynx, that's actually the top right
hand corner of the screen). The ending command, again in brackets, tells
the computer that that's the end of that instruction. The user doesn't
see these commands.

There are similar HTML commands for paragraphs, italics, inserting
graphics, creating lists, etc. The command for linking to another
document elsewhere on the Web looks like this:

Boston Online

Note that the URL is in quotation marks. The "a" (or "anchor") command
tells your Web browser that a link is about to be displayed. "Boston
Online" will be highlighted when a user calls up the page. The "" at
the end tells the browser to go back to normal type.

To build a Web page, you'll need at least two things. First is
permission from your provider and instructions relating to your specific
site (for example, where to put the documents you create). Second is a
guide to HTML (see FYI below) and a word processor capable of creating
ASCII or text documents. Third, and optionally, is an HTML authoring
program that can help relieve you of the drudgery of typing in all those
HTML commands (again, see FYI below).

9.10 SOME INTERESTING WWW SERVERS

AREA CODES

http://www.xmission.com/~americom/ Ever wondered what the area code is
for Watertown, NY, or the country code for Andorra? Help is now as near
as your keyboard. AmeriCom, a long-distance company, has created a Web-
based server with info on some 80,000 cities around the world.

ART

http://www.wimsey.com/Pixel_Pushers/ The Electronic Art Gallery in
Calgary is exactly what it sounds like.

BOSTON

http://www.std.com/NE/boston.html An online guide to the city that
modestly calls itself the Hub of the Universe, from restaurant and movie
listings to car-repair recommendations and neighborhood profiles.

CALIFORNIA

http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/virtual-tourist/California.html This
is your basic tourist-info center just over the state line on the
Information Highway. It offers everything from traffic and road-
condition reports to maps and pictures of tourist attractions.

CHINA

http://www.ihep.ac.cn:3000/ihep.html This is the People's Republic's
first Internet connection, run by the Institute for High Energy Physics
in Beijing, providing everything from e-mail addresses of Chinese
scientists to information on Chinese regions and a directory of foreign
companies in Beijing.

DINOSAURS

http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/dinos/dinos1.html Look here for images of
dinosaur skeletons.

DUBLIN

http://www.dsg.cs.tcd.ie/dsg_people/czimmerm/pubs.html This is "the
definitive review of Dublin's watering holes.''

ENVIRONMENT

http://www.econet.apc.org/lcv/scorecard.html See how your local
congressman/woman is ranked by the League of Conservation Voters.

http://polyn.net.kiae.su/polyn/manifest.html A group of researchers at
the Kurchatov Institute for Atomic Energy in Moscow have created a World-
Wide Web resource devoted to the Chernobyl melt-down.

GAMES

http://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/GamesDomain The Games Domain is the place to go
for information on dozens of computer games. Resources include lists of
hints for specific games and an online games magazine.

GOVERNMENT

http://www.fedworld.gov FedWorld is a gateway to dozens of federal
information services in the U.S., some free, some requiring a fee to use.

http://thomas.loc.gov The Library of Congress's Thomas (as in Thomas
Jefferson) service lets you look up pending bills by keyword and read
the Congressional Record (back to January, 1994).

LAW

http://www.law.cornell.edu/lii.table.html Cornell University's Legal
Information Institute provides a variety of law-related documents,
including information on specific legal issues and copies of U.S. Supreme
Court decisions.

http://venable.com/vbh.html Venable, Batejer, Howard and Civiletti is a
Washington, D.C. law firm. Its Web server includes online newsletters on
various legal topics.

LEGOS

http://legowww.itek.norut.no/catalog/index.html Yes, it's a set of
documents (with pictures) all about the little plastic blocks with the
pegs on top.

MOVIES

http://www.cm.cf.ac.uk/Movies/moviewquery.html You can search for
filmographies for particular actors and directors here.

http://bvp.wdp.com/BVPM/ The Buena Vista Pictures Web server has
information and photos of current Disney and Buena Vista Pictures movies
-- even some QuickTime loops for Macintosh owners (caveat: those are
large files).

MUSIC

http://www.music.indiana.edu/misc/music_resources.html This resource at
Indiana University will help you find Web sites devoted to virtually
every type of music and band.

NEW ZEALAND

http://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/People/mjw/NZ/MainPaige.html Your personal
guided tour of New Zealand, complete with pictures of its cities, scenery
and people, begins here.

PATENTS

http:/town.hall.org/patent/patent.html. This database, run by the
Internet Multicasting Service, lets you search for U.S.-issued patents
from 1994 on.

REAL ESTATE

http://www.gems.com/realestate/ Real-estate listings from several
cities around the U.S.

SLOVENIA

http://www.ijs.si/slo.html Learn more about the former Yugoslav republic
in words and photographs.

SMALL BUSINESS

http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov The U.S. Small Business Administration uses
its Web site to provide tips for businesses and lists of available
resources.

SOUTH DAKOTA

http://www.state.sd.us All you ever wanted to know about the state, from
tourist attractions to pending legislation, can be found here.

SPACE

http://sspp.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Look here for info on discount space flights
from NASA, like the "Get Away Special" -- only $27,000 to launch a
90-pound cannister aboard a space shuttle.

TIME WASTERS

http://www.primus.com/staff/paulp/useless.html It's amazing what some
people are using the Web for. There's the guy in California who's
connected his hot tub and refrigerator, so you can check the temperature
in both; people who let you send messages to their cat; digital cameras
that take periodic snapshots of coffee pots. Paul Phillips has assembled
links to them all.

WINE

http://augustus.csscr.washington.edu/personal/bigstar-mosaic/wine.html
Look for information about the grape beverage here. Besides links to
other Internet resources, it also lets you leave tasting notes for other
enthusiasts, and provides information on wineries in Washington
state.

9.11 LYNX COMMANDS

Down arrow Go to next highlighted link
Up arrow Go to previously highlighted link
Right arrow Same as hitting enter on a highlighted link
Left arrow Move back to previous document
+ Scroll down to next page
- Scroll back to previous page
? or h Help
a Add current page to bookmark file
c Send a comment to the creator of the current document
d Download the document on your screen
g Go to specific resource (you'll have to type in its
address, or URL)
m Return to main, or first, screen
o Set personal options (for example, your e-mail address)
p Print, save or download a document
v View your bookmark file
z Cancel document or image transfer
backspace View your past links in the current session
delete Same as backspace
= Get address information for current file or link
/ Scan the current document for a keyword

9.12 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

* You try to connect to a site, but get an error message along the lines
of "ERROR 404 Not found - file doesn't exist or is read protected [even
tried multi]"

Re-check the spelling of the site address you entered. WWW addresses are
case-sensitive, so that might be a problem, as well. Hit your left arrow
key, then g, then try entering the address again. It is also possible you
did nothing wrong, but that the person in charge of maintaining the site
either forgot to set the document so that outsiders could read it or
deleted it without telling anybody.

* You know the URL is correct, but when you type it in and hit enter, you
get a "not available" message.

Sometimes, links just don't seem to work the first time. Hit g and enter
again and it may work the second time.

* You try to use g to get to a new site and nothing happens.

Lynx does not seem to let you go to sites from error-message pages and
some other pages. If that happens, hit your left arrow, then try again.

* You try to go to the next (or previous) hyperlink on a page, but are
instead transported to an entirely different document.

Chances are you tried to get to the next hyperlink by using your left or
right arrow keys, rather than your down or up keys (remember, this'll
take some getting used to). If you think you hit your right arrow key,
now hit your left arrow key and you'll be brought back to the original
page. If you hit your left arrow key, go to your history page (by
hitting your delete key) and then chose the appropriate page to which you
want to return.

9.13 FYI

If you want to see what's new each week on the Web, check out the What's
New service at http://gnn.com/gnn.wn.whats-new.html. You'll also find
postings of new services in the alt.internet.services and
comp.infosystems.www.announce Usenet newsgroups.

Once a month, Thomas Boutell posts a WWW FAQ (answers to "Frequently
Asked Questions") in the news.answers and comp.infosystems.www newsgroups
in Usenet. You can also retrieve a copy via anonymous ftp (or ncftp) at
rtfm.mit.edu. Look in the pub/usenet/news.answers/www directory for a
file called faq.

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications maintains a good
introductory guide to HTML and related programs at
http://union.ncsa.uiuc.edu/HyperNews/get/www/html.html

You can get more information about TIA software via anonymous ftp at
marketplace.com. In the /tia directory, you'll find copies of the
software for several Unix varieties. In the /tia/docs directory, you'll
find documentation, answers to frequently asked questions, etc.

Frank Hecker's "Personal Internet Access Using SLIP or PPP; How You Use
It, How It Works," gives a good overview of how the two protocols work.
It's available via FTP at ftp.digex.net as
/pub/access/hecker/internet/slip-ppp.txt or via the World-Wide Web at
http://www.charm.net/ppp.html.

At that latter URL, you'll find numerous other documents and programs
related to SLIP/PPP access, including information and files related to
Macintosh SLIP service.

Henry Kriz has written a three-part series on connecting Windows computers
to the Internet via TCP/IP, SLIP, etc. that goes into more technical
detail than what you've just read. It's available via anonymous FTP at
nebula.lib.vt.edu in the /pub/windows/winsock directory. Look for a file
with a name like wtcpip05.asc, where the two digits in the first part of
the name indicate the current version number.